注


　序文　バラスト

１．40% of the nation's GDP : “The Cost of U.S. Wars Then and Now,” Norwich University, October 20, 2020.
２．3.7% of our GDP : “Military Expenditure” (% of GDP)-United States,” The World Bank Group, last visited February 10, 2022.
３．10 million service members : “The Points Were All That Mattered : The US Army's Demobilization After World War II,” The National WWII Museum, August 27, 2010, https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/points-system-us-armys-demobilization ; “Research Starters : US Military by the Numbers,” The National WWII Museum, accessed April 15, 2022, https://www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/research-starters/research-starters-us-military-numbers .
４．wages began to fall : Simon Constable, “Truman's Forgotten Economic Crisis,” Forbes, March 4, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonconstable/2016/03/04/trumans-forgotten-economic-crisis/?sh=f214e91c2246 .
５．went on strike : Kristen Burton, “Episode 5 - Strike Wave,” January 22, 2021, in To The Best of My Ability podcast, 28:43, https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/podcasts/best-my-ability-podcast/season-2-archive/episode-5-strike-wave .
６．Planners feared : Sarah Pruitt, “The Post World War II Boom : How America Got Into Gear,” History, May 14, 2020, https://www.history.com/news/post-world-war-ii-boom-economy .
７．The leap forward in the human condition : Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser, “Literacy,” Global Change Data Lab, September 20, 2018, https://ourworldindata.org/literacy .
８．eradicated smallpox : “Smallpox,” American Museum of Natural History, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.amnh.org/explore/science-topics/disease-eradication/countdown-to-zero/smallpox .
９．90% of Indigenous Americans : Chris Brierley, Alexander Koch, Simon Lewis, and Mark Maslin, “European Colonisation of the Americas Might Have Caused Global Cooling, According to New Research,” World Economic Forum, February 1, 2019, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/02/european-colonisation-of-the-americas-caused-global-cooling/ .
10．funded college for 2 million : “Research Starters : The GI Bill,” The National WWII Museum, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/research-starters/research-starters-gi-bill .
11．Eisenhower launched : “Traveling Interstates Is Our Sixth Freedom,” USA Today, June 26, 2006, https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/neuharth/2006-06-22-interstates_x.htm .
12．70% of Americans describe themselves : Pavithra Mohan, “This Is Why Everyone Thinks They Are Middle Class (Even If They Aren't),” Fast Company, April 14, 2019, https://www.fastcompany.com/90330573/who-is-actually-middle-class .
13．the postwar middle class : Jim Tankersley, The Riches of This Land (New York : Public Affairs, 2021), 91.
14．1,000 families : “Love Canal : A Special Report to the Governor & Legislature : April 1981,” New York State Department of Health, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/love_canal/lcreport.htm#relocation .
15．more than a million Americans : “COVID-19 Forecasts : Deaths,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, February 23, 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/forecasting/forecasting-us.html .


　第１章　株主層の台頭

１．“In this present crisis” : ロナルド・レーガン、「大統領就任演説」1981年１月20日 https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/reagan-quotes-speeches/inaugural-address-1 .
２．fell from 14% : “U.S. Inflation Rate 1960-2022,” MacroTrends, accessed February 23, 2022, https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/USA/united-states/inflation-rate-cpi .
３．Dow Jones Industrial Average : “Dow Jones-DJIA-100 Year Historical Chart,” MacroTrends, accessed February 23, 2022, https://www.macrotrends.net/1319/dow-jones-100-year-historical-chart .
４．lowest it had been : “Historical Highest Marginal Income Tax Rates,” Tax Policy Center, accessed February 23, 2022, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/statistics/historical-highest-marginal-income-tax-rates .
５．the government owed $930 billion : “Federal Debt : Total Public Debt,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 10, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=Lgqj .
６．to over 120% today : “Gross Domestic Product,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 23, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=Ls78 .
７．Chart 1 : “Historical U.S. Federal Corporate Income Tax Rates & Brackets, 1909-2020,” Tax Foundation, accessed February 23, 2022, https://taxfoundation.org/historical-corporate-tax-rates-brackets/ .porate-tax-rates-brackets ; “Historical Highest Marginal Income Tax Rates,” Tax Policy Center, accessed February 23, 2022, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/statistics/historical-highest-marginal-income-tax-rates .
８．famously said that : Gautam Mukunda, “‘What's Good for GM Is Good for America'-What Should You Do During A National Crisis?” Forbes, June 5, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/gautammukunda/2020/06/05/whats-good-for-gm-is-good-for-americawhat-should-you-do-during-a-national-crisis/?sh=c4dfde6d3bda .
９．Chart 2 : Theodore Roosevelt, “NY Speech,” Asheville, North Carolina, September 9, 1902; Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Address at Marietta, Ohio,” July 8, 1938; John F. Kennedy, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States (Washington, D.C. : US Gov. Printing Office, 1964), 326; Ronald Regan, news conference, August 12, 1986, https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/reagan-quotes-speeches/news-conference-1 ; “Clinton : Era of Big Government Is Over,” ABC News, accessed February 23, 2022, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/clinton-era-big-government-9655598 .（記事削除。参考サイト　https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/WH/New/other/sotu.html#:~:text=The%20era%20of%20big%20government,virtues%3B%20we%20must%20have%20both.）
10．1 in every 5 : “Report Card for America's Infrastructure : Roads,” ASCE Foundation, accessed February 23, 2022, https://infrastructurereportcard.org/cat-item/roads/ .
11．Forty-five percent of Americans : “Report Card for America's Infrastructure : Transit,” ASCE Foundation, accessed February 23, 2022, https://infrastructurereportcard.org/cat-item/transit/ .
12．every two minutes : “Report Card for America's Infrastructure : Water,” ASCE Foundation, accessed February 23, 2022, https://infrastructurereportcard.org/cat-item/drinking-water/ .
13．12,000 children : Andrew Keller, “United Way Estimates Cost of Helping Children $100M,” WNEM, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20160203004456/http://www.wnem.com/story/30995770/united-way-estimates-cost-of-helping-children-100m ; Jennie Doyle, “The Flint Water Crisis - Impact, Solutions, and Repercussions,” Voices of Youth, February 27, 2019, https://www.voicesofyouth.org/blog/flint-water-crisis-impact-solutions-and-repercussions .
14．killing 98 people : Lauren Leatherby et al., “Floor by Floor, the Lost Lives of the Surfside Building Collapse,” New York Times, July 27, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/06/30/us/miami-building-missing-dead.html .
15．spends ten times more : Phelim Kine, “‘Powerful Signal' : Biden's Infrastructure Bill Sends Message to China,” Politico, August 7, 2021, https://www.politico.com/news/2021/08/07/biden-infrastructure-bill-message-china-502739 .
16．why it takes 4.5 hours : “Best Places to Visit in China-Book Tours and Travel Packages,” China Guide, accessed February 23, 2022, https://www.chinatrainguide.com/route/shanghai-to-beijing .
17．but 7 hours to get : “Reservations,” Amtrak, accessed February 23, 2022, https://www.amtrak.com/tickets/departure.html .
18．Chart 3 : Josh Bivens, “The Potential Macroeconomic Benefits from Increasing Infrastructure Investment,” Economic Policy Institute, July 18, 2017, https://www.epi.org/publication/the-potential-macroeconomic-benefits-from-increasing-infrastructure-investment/ .
19．In 1963, President Kennedy : Jessica Placzek, “Did the Emptying of Mental Hospitals Contribute to Homelessness?” KQED, December 6, 2016, https://www.kqed.org/news/11209729/did-the-emptying-of-mental-hospitals-contribute-tohomelessness-here .
20．half a million Americans : “HUD 2020 Continuum of Care Homeless Assistance Programs Homeless Populations and Subpopulations,” US Department of Housing and Urban Development, accessed February 23, 2022, https://files.hudexchange.info/reports/published/CoC_PopSub_NatlTerrDC_2020.pdf .
21．three times more likely : Dominic Casciani, “Crime Victims with Mental Illness Ignored, Research Suggests,” BBC, October 7, 2013, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24420430 .
22．Chart 4 : William Fisher, Ted Lutterman, Ronald Manderscheid, and Robert Shaw, “Trend in Psychiatric Inpatient Capacity, United States and Each State, 1970 to 2014,” National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, August 2017, 41, https://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/TACPaper.2.Psychiatric-Inpatient-Capacity_508C.pdf .
23．represented by a union : Gerald Mayer, “Union Membership Trends in the United States,” Congressional Research Service, August 31, 2004, https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/77776 .
24．Chart 5 : “Work Stoppages Involving 1,000 or More Workers, 1947-2017,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, accessed February 23, 2022, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/wkstp.t01.htm ; Lawrence Mishel, Lynn Rhinehart, and Lane Windham, “Explaining the Erosion of Private-Sector Unions,” Economic Policy Institute, November 18, 2020, https://www.epi.org/unequalpower/publications/private-sector-unions-corporate-legal-erosion/ .
25．In 1982, Gibson Greeting Cards : Ann Crittenden, “Reaping the Big Profits from a Fat Cat,” New York Times, August 7, 1983, https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/07/business/reaping-the-big-profits-from-a-fat-cat.html .
26．“It's kind of frightening” : Crittenden, “Reaping the Big Profits from a Fat Cat.”
27．Chart 6 : “U.S. Leveraged Buyout Market From 1980-2002,” U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray Capital Markets Ltd., accessed February 23, 2022, http://www.pipersandler.com/piperpublic/MA/pdfs/leveragedbuyout_0503.pdf .（→　https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/50241090/us-leveraged-buyout-market-from-1980-2002-piper-jaffray）
28．Chart 7 : Josh Bivens and Lawrence Mishel, “Understanding the Historic Divergence Between Productivity and a Typical Worker's Pay : Why It Matters and Why It's Real,” Economic Policy Institute, September 2, 2015, https://www.epi.org/publication/understanding-the-historic-divergence-between-productivity-and-a-typical-workers-pay-why-it-matters-and-why-its-real/# .
29．8 in 100 members : Catherine Rampell, “The Top 1% : Executives, Doctors and Bankers,” New York Times, October 17, 2011, https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/the-top-1-executives-doctors-and-bankers/ .
30．Chart 8 : Bivens and Mishel, “Understanding the Historic Divergence Between Productivity and a Typical Worker's Pay.”
31．roughly $600 billion : Natasha Sarin, “The Case for a Robust Attack on the Tax Gap,” U.S. Department of Treasury, September 7, 2021, https://home.treasury.gov/news/featured-stories/the-case-for-a-robust-attack-on-the-tax-gap .
32．Chart 9 : “SOI Tax Stats Archive-1863 to 1999 Annual Reports and IRS Data Books,” Internal Revenue Service, accessed February 23, 2022, https://www.irs.gov/statistics/soi-tax-stats-archive-1863-to-1999-annual-reports-and-irs-data-books .
33．Chart 10 : Thomas Wright and Gabriel Zucman, “The Exorbitant Tax Privilege,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 24983, September 2018, https://www.nber.org/papers/w24983 .
34．wealthiest 1% of Americans : “Distribution of Household Wealth in the U.S. Since 1989,” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, accessed February 23, 2022, https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/dataviz/dfa/distribute/chart/ .
35．Chart 11 : “Survey of Consumer Finances, 1989-2019,” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, accessed February 23, 2022, https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/scf/dataviz/scf/chart/#series:Stock_Holdings;demographic:all;population:1;units:have .


　第２章　われわれが作った世界

１．lived in extreme poverty : “Population Living in Extreme Poverty, World, 1981 to 2017,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/above-or-below-extreme-poverty-line-world-bank?country=~OWID_WRL .
２．had no democratic rights : “200 Years Ago, Everyone Lacked Democratic Rights. Now, Billions of People Have Them,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/democratic-rights .
３．had a life expectancy : “Life Expectancy,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy-at-birth-total-years?tab=chart&country=~OWID_WRL .
４．had no formal education : “Share of the World Population Older Than 15 Years with at Least Basic Education,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-the-world-population-with-at-least-basic-education?country=~OWID_WRL .
５．were largely in Asia : “Share of Population in Extreme Poverty, 1981 to 2019,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty?tab=chart&country=East+Asia+and+Pacific~South+Asia~OWID_WRL .
６．world's largest standing army : Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris, “Global Nuclear Weapons Inventories, 1945-2010,” Bulletin of Atomic Sciences 66, no. 4 (November 27, 2015) : 77-83, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2968/066004008 .
７．cases of Pepsi : Mark Stenberg, “How the CEO of Pepsi, By Bartering Battleships and Vodka, Negotiated Cold War Diplomacy and Brought His Soda to the Soviet Union,” Business Insider, November 11, 2020, https://www.businessinsider.com/ceo-of-pepsi-brought-soda-to-the-soviet-union-2020-11 .
８．Chart 12 : Max Roser, “The world economy over the last two millennia,” Our World in Data, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth#economic-growth-over-the-long-run .
９．below the international poverty line : Jack Goodman, “Has China Lifted 100 Million People Out of Poverty?,” BBC News, February 28, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/56213271 .
10．China with wealth of more than $110,000 : David Dawkins, “China Overtakes U.S. In Global Household Wealth Rankings ‘Despite' Trade Tensions-Report,” Forbes, October 21, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddawkins/2019/10/21/china-overtakes-us-in-global-household-wealth-rankings-despite-trade-tensionsreport/?sh=3abd87ed749e .
11．Chart 13 : “Regional Aggregation Using 2011 PPP and $1.9/Day Poverty Line,” The World Bank Group, accessed February 24, 2022, http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplicateWB.aspx .（記事削除）
12．Infant mortality has been cut : Bernadeta Dadonaite, Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, “Child and Infant Mortality,” Our World in Data, 2013, https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality .
13．disease and war : “Burden of Disease, 1990 to 2019,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/dalys-rate-from-all-causes?tab=chart&country=~OWID_WRL ; “Rate of Violent Deaths in Conflicts and One-Sided Violence Per 100,000, 1946 to 2016,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/rate-of-violent-deaths-in-conflicts-and-one-sided-violence-per-100000-since-1989 .
14．Chart 14 : “Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (Years),” World Bank Group, accessed February 24, 2022, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN .
15．Chart 15 : “Share of Democracies,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-democracies-bmr?time=earliest..1900&country=~OWID_WRL .
16．immigrants started a quarter : Marjolaine Gauthier-Loiselle and Jennifer Hunt, “How Much Does Immigration Boost Innovation?” American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics 2 (April 2010) : 31-56, https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257/mac.2.2.31 .
17．immigrants founded or cofounded : Stuart Anderson, “Immigrants and Billion-Dollar Companies,” National Foundation for American Policy, October 2018, https://nfap.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/2018-BILLION-DOLLAR-STARTUPS.NFAP-Policy-Brief.2018-1.pdf .
18．nearly double the rate : Sameeksha Desai and Robert Fairlie, “National Report on Early Stage Entrepreneurship in the United States : 2020,” Kauffman Indicators of Entrepreneurship : Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, February 2021, https://indicators.kauffman.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/2020_Early-Stage-Entrepreneurship-National-Report.pdf .
19．Chart 16 : “World Migration Report,” International Organization for Migration, accessed February 24, 2022, https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf .
20．goods carried by shipping containers : Martin Placek, “Container Shipping-Statistics & Facts ,” Statista, September 23, 2021, https://www.statista.com/topics/1367/container-shipping/#dossierKeyfigures .
21．Chart 17 : “Capacity of Container Ships in Seaborne Trade from 1980 to 2021,” Statista, accessed February 24, 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/267603/capacity-of-container-ships-in-the-global-seaborne-trade/ .
22．every minute in 2020 : Aran Ali, “Here's What Happens Every Minute on the Internet in 2020,” Visual Capitalist, September 15, 2020, https://www.visualcapitalist.com/every-minute-internet-2020/ .
23．Chart 18 : “Percentage of Global Population Accessing the Internet from 2005 to 2021, by Market Maturity,” Statista, accessed February 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/209096/share-of-internet-users-in-the-total-world-population-since-2006/ .
24．Chart 19 : “Number of Internet Users,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-internet-users-by-country?tab=chart&country=~OWID_WRL .
25．Nobel laureates in the past decade : Kevin Nazar and Michele Waslin, “U.S. Risks no Longer Attracting Nobel-Worthy Talent,” George Mason University : Institute for Immigration Research, June 11, 2019, https://www.ilctr.org/u-s-risks-no-longer-attracting-nobel-worthy-talent/ .
26．Chart 20 : “Nobel Laureates and Research Affiliations,” Nobel Prize Outreach, accessed Feburary 24, 2022, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/lists/affiliations.php .
27．largest provider of foreign aid : Joe Myers, “Foreign Aid : These Countries Are the Most Generous,” World Economic Forum, August 16, 2016, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/08/foreign-aid-these-countries-are-the-most-generous .
28．President Reagan directed : Tom Guettler, “Why Ronald Reagan Was a Strong Advocate of Foreign Aid,” Global Citizen, August 11, 2016, https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/reagans-legacy-on-foreign-aid/ .
29．President George W. Bush made : Gary L. Gregg II, “George W. Bush : Foreign Affairs,” University of Virginia : Miller Center, 2022, https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/foreign-affairs .
30．President Obama's Feed the Future : “The Global Food Security Act,” The United States Agency for International Development, accessed February 24, 2022, https://www.usaid.gov/feed-the-future/vision/global-food-security-act .
31．Chart 21 : “51 Billion Total Obligations,” The United States Agency for International Development, accessed February 24, 2022, https://foreignassistance.gov/aid-trends .


　第３章　イノベーター崇拝

１．a decrease in church attendance : Jeffrey M. Jones, “U.S. Church Membership Falls Below Majority for First Time,” Gallup, March 29, 2021, https://news.gallup.com/poll/341963/church-membership-falls-below-majority-first-time.aspx .
２．midwifed with tax dollars : “The Birth of the Microchip,” Longview Institute, accessed March 6, 2022, http://www.longviewinstitute.org/projects/marketfundamentalism/microchip （→　https://www.academia.edu/662688/RFID_Microchip_Technology_and_the_Internet_of_Things_） / ; “How the Internet was Invented,” The Guardian, accessed March 6, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/15/how-the-internet-was-invented-1976-arpa-kahn-cerf ;“The Invention of the Computer Mouse,” DARPA, accessed March 6, 2022 https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/computer-mouse ; “Global Positioning System History,” NASA, accessed March 6, 2022, https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/communications/policy/GPS_History.html ; “The History of Web Browsers,” Mozilla.org, accessed March 6, 2022, https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/browsers/browser-history/ .
３．decreased tolerance of minority residents : James Laurence, Katharina Schmid, James R. Rae, and Miles Hewstone, “Prejudice, Contact, and Threat at the Diversity-Segregation Nexus : A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of How Ethnic Out-Group Size and Segregation Interrelate for Inter-Group Relations,” Social Forces 97, no. 3 (March 2019) : 1029-66, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy079 .
４．Chart 22 : Ben Bromley, “In Depth : Shrinking Service Clubs Try to Reach Millennials,” WiscNews, May 10, 2019, https://www.wiscnews.com/community/baraboonewsrepublic/news/local/in-depth-shrinking-service-clubs-try-toreach-millennials/article_99763e68-f425-5253-875c-d6603a0c9dd9.html#tncmssource=login ; Brian Cabell, “Are Service Clubs Dying?” Word on the Street, July 4, 2017, https://wotsmqt.com/service-clubs-dying ; Jeffrey M. Jones, “U.S. Church Membership Falls Below Majority for First Time,” Gallup, March 29, 2021, https://news.gallup.com/poll/341963/church-membership-falls-below-majorityfirst-time.aspx ; “The Space Between : Renewing the American Tradition of Civil Society,” Republicans Joint Economic Committee, no. 8-10, December 2019, https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/republicans/2019/12/opportunity-rightly-understood-rebuilding-civil-society-with-the-principle-of-subsidiarity ;“443. Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts-Membership and Units,” Photius Coutsoukis and Information Technology Associates, accessed February 24, 2022, https://allcountries.org/uscensus/443_boy_scouts_and_girl_scouts_membership.html ; David Crary, “Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts Suffer Huge Declines in Membership,” Associated Press, June 30, 2021, https://apnews.com/article/only-on-ap-healthcoronavirus-pandemic-7afeb2667df0a391de3be67b38495972 .
５．Chart 23 : Major Garrett and Kathyrn Watson, “Clean Drinking Water a Bigger Global Threat Than Climate Change, EPA's Wheeler Says,” CBS News, March 20, 2019, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/epa-administrator-andrew-wheeler-exclusive-interview ; “Mobile Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, accessed February24, 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/ . Privatized R&D = Privatized Progress
６．federal government investment : History Center Staff, “A Brief History of the U.S. Federal Government and Innovation (Part III : 1945 and Beyond),” IEEE, August 1, 2011, https://insight.ieeeusa.org/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-u-s-federal-government-and-innovation-part-iii-1945-and-beyond/ .
７．from a peak of 1.9% to 0.7% : “U.S. R&D Increased by $51 Billion, to $606 Billion, in 2018; Estimate for 2019 Indicates a Further Rise to $656 Billion,” National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf21324 .
８．Chart 24 : “U.S. R&D Increased by $51 Billion, to $606 Billion, in 2018.”
９．college degrees are more expensive : “College Tuition and Fees Increase 63 Percent Since January 2006,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, accessed February 24, 2022, https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2016/college-tuition-and-fees-increase-63-percent-since-january-2006.htm .
10．exclusive than they've ever been : Brandon Griggs and Michelle Lou, “Acceptance Rates at Top Colleges Are Dropping, Raising Pressure on High School Students,” CNN, April 3, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/03/us/ivy-league-college-admissions-trnd/index.html .
11．more people as a whole are attending college : “Educational Attainment Tables,” United States Census Bureau, accessed February 24, 2022, https://www.census.gov/topics/education/educational-attainment/data/tables.2020.List_2016040495.html .
12．Chart 25 : Anthony P. Carnevale, Nicole Smith, and Jeff Strohl, “Recovery : Job Growth and Education Requirements Through 2020,” Georgetown Public Policy Institute : Center on Education and Workforce, 2020, https://cew.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Recovery2020.ES_.Web_.pdf .
13．WeWork filed to go public : Rebecca Aydin, “The WeWork Fiasco of 2019, Explained in 30 Seconds,” Business Insider, October 22, 2019, https://www.businessinsider.com/wework-ipo-fiasco-adam-neumann-explained-events-timeline-2019-9 .
14．Chart 26 : 当該企業のS-1目論見書
15．Chart 27 : Jay R. Ritter, “Initial Public Offerings : Dual Class Structure of IPOs Through 2021,” University of Florida, accessed February 16, 2022, https://site.warrington.ufl.edu/ritter/files/IPOs-Dual-Class.pdf .
16．$50 trillion U.S. stock market : “US Total Market Capitalization as % of GDP,” YCharts, accessed February 24, 2022, https://ycharts.com/indicators/us_total_market_capitalization .
17．U.S. households own around half : Theo Burke and Steven M. Rosenthal, “Who Owns US Stock? Foreigners and Rich Americans,” Urban Institute, The Brookings Institution, and individual authors, October 20, 2020, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/who-owns-us-stock-foreigners-and-rich-americans .
18．In 1990, it was 82% : “Share of Corporate Equities and Mutual Fund Shares Held,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=LlPX .
19．Chart 28 : “Q3 2021,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=LlPX . It's Never Been Easier to Be a Trillion-Dollar Company
20．Apple became the first : Jack Nicas, “Apple Becomes First Company to Hit $3 Trillion Market Value,” New York Times, January 3, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/03/technology/apple-3-trillion-market-value.html .
21．each company reaching that mark : 当該企業の申請書類より
22．Chart 29 : George Maroudas (@ChicagoAdvisor), “Yearly revenue before reaching trillion valuation : Tesla : $32 billion, Facebook : $86 billion, Microsoft : $110 billion, Google:, $162 billion, Amazon : $178 billion, Apple : $229 billion,” Twitter, October 29, 2021, https://twitter.com/ChicagoAdvisor/status/1454089969635663874 .
23．“A year from now” : Andrew J. Hawkins, “Here Are Elon Musk's Wildest Predictions about Tesla's Self-Driving Cars,” The Verge, April 22, 2019, https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/22/18510828/tesla-elon-musk-autonomy-day-investor-comments-self-driving-cars-predictions .
24．Chart 30 : 当該企業の申請書類より
25．lobbying in 2020 : Tony Romm, “Amazon, Facebook, Other Tech Giants Spent Roughly $65 Million to Lobby Washington Last Year,” Washington Post, January 22, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/22/amazon-facebook-google-lobbying-2020/ .
26．spent over $200 million : Johana Bhuiyan, Ryan Menezes and Suhauna Hussain, “How Uber and Lyft Persuaded California to Vote Their Way,” Los Angeles Times, November 13, 2020, https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2020-11-13/how-uber-lyft-doordash-won-proposition-22 .
27．Chart 31 : “Industry Profile : Internet,” OpenSecrets, accessed February 24, 2022, https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/industries/summary?cycle=2021&id=B13 ; “Industry Profile : Commercial Banks,” OpenSecrets, accessed February 24, 2022, https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/industries/summary?cycle=2021&id=F03 ; “Sector Profile:Energy & Natural Resources,” OpenSecrets, accessed February 24, https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/sectors/summary?cycle=2021&id=E.Perspective .
28．three miles above the Kármán line : Jackie Wattles, “Jeff Bezos Just Went to Space and Back,” CNN, July 20, 2021, https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/20/tech/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-launch-scn/index.html .
29．279 billion tons : “Climate Change : How Do We Know?,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, accessed February 24, 2022, https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ .
30．Chart 32 : Brian Kahn, “Jeff Bezos Got as Much Morning Show Coverage in a Day as Climate Change Got All Last Year,” Gizmodo, July 21, 2021, https://gizmodo.com/jeff-bezos-got-as-much-morning-show-coverage-in-a-day-a-1847334966 .


　第４章　ハンガーゲーム

１．8 of the 10 wealthiest people in the world : “The World's Real-Time Billionares,” Forbes, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/#49e88cdb3d78 .
２．Elon Musk, is the richest of the eight : “The World's Real-Time Billionares.”
３．increased their share of the nation's : “Share of Total Net Worth Held by the Top 1% (99th to 100th Wealth Percentiles),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 25, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WFRBST01134 .
４．Income for the bottom quintile : “Historical Income Tables : Households,” United States Census Bureau, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-income-households.html .
５．$17 billion in annual content : Elaine Low, “Netflix Reveals $17 Billion in Content Spending in Fiscal 2021,” Variety, April 20, 2021, https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/netflix-2021-content-spend-17-billion-1234955953 .
６．$1.7 trillion of student loan debt : Zack Friedman, “Student Loan Debt Statistics In 2021 : A Record $1.7 Trillion,” Forbes, February 21, 2021,https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackfriedman/2021/02/20/student-loan-debt-statistics-in-2021-a-record-17-trillion/?sh=7f8280051431 .
７．Poor kindergartners with good scores : Abigail Johnson Hess, “Georgetown Study : ‘To Succeed in America, It's Better to Be Born Rich Than Smart,” CNBC, May 29, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/29/study-to-succeed-in-america-its-better-to-be-born-rich-than-smart.html .
８．Sixty-one percent of kids from families : Preston Cooper, “College Enrollment Surges Among Low-Income Students,” Forbes, February 26, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/prestoncooper2/2018/02/26/college-enrollment-surges-among-low-income-students/?sh=7134b66d293b .
９．At thirty-eight colleges, including five of the Ivies : “Some Colleges Have More Students from the Top 1 Percent Than the Bottom 60. Find Yours,” New York Times, The Upshot, January 18, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/18/upshot/some-colleges-have-more-students-from-the-top-1-percent-than-the-bottom-60.html .
10．Corporate profits used to track : “National Income : Compensation of Employees,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A033RC1A027NBEA .
11．Since 2000, U.S. airlines have declared bankruptcy : “U.S. Airline Bankruptcies,” Airlines for America, accessed February 24, 2022, https://www.airlines.org/dataset/u-s-bankruptcies-and-services-cessations/ .
12．six largest airlines : Joseph Zeballos-Roig, “Airlines Are Begging for a Bailout, but They've Used 96% of Their Cash Flow on Buybacks Over the Past 10 Years. It Highlights an Ongoing Controversy Over How Companies Have Been Spending Their Money,” Business Insider, March 20, 2020, https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/airline-bailout-coronavirus-share-buyback-debate-trumpeconomy-aoc-2020-3-1029006175 .
13．$13 million in 2020 : Kelly Yamanouchi, “Delta CEO Bastian Took Pay Cut in 2020, but Still Got Stock Incentives,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 30, 2021, https://www.ajc.com/news/business/delta-ceo-bastian-took-pay-cut-in-2020-butstill-got-stock-incentives/JZOBBRUFWRG2VNI4YRDR4GMEJ4/ .
14．Bailouts of $50 billion : Andrew Ross Sorkin, “Were the Airline Bailouts Really Needed? : Once Again, We Have Socialized an Industry's Losses and Privatized its Profits,” New York Times, March 16, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/16/business/dealbook/airline-bailouts.html .
15．Chart 33 : “Corporate Profits After Tax (without IVA and CCAdj),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CP/ .
16．Chart 34 : Lawrence Mishel and Julia Wolfe, “CEO Compensation Has Grown 940% Since 1978,” Economic Policy Institute, August 14, 2019, https://www.epi.org/publication/ceo-compensation-2018/ .
17．50% of Americans controlled only 2% of the nation's wealth : “Share of Total Net Worth Held by the Bottom 50% (1st to 50th Wealth Percentiles),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WFRBSB50215 .
18．richest 1% had almost a third : “Share of Total Net Worth Held by the Bottom 50% (1st to 50th Wealth Percentiles).”
19．adult population accounted for 44% of global net worth : “Global Wealth Report,” Credit Suisse Group, accessed February 24, 2022, https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html .
20．Chart 35 : “Share of Total Net Worth Held by the Top 1% (99th to 100th Wealth Percentiles),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WFRBST01134 .
21．take 2 out of every 3 dollars : Nicole Perrin, “Facebook-Google Duopoly Won't Crack This Year,” Insider Intelligence, November 4, 2019, https://www.emarketer.com/content/facebook-google-duopoly-won-t-crack-this-year .
22．1,133 episodes : Travis Clark, “How Much Money ‘Game of Thrones' Episodes Cost to Make in the Final Season, and Throughout the Series,” Business Insider, April 15, 2019, https://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-game-of-thrones-episodes-cost-for-production-2019-4 .
23．Chart 36 : Joe Abbott and Edward Yardeni, “Stock Market Briefing : FAANGMs,” Yardeni Research, Inc., February 19, 2022, https://www.yardeni.com/pub/faangms.pdf .
24．In 1950, the federal minimum wage : Dean Baker, “The $23 Per Hour Minimum Wage,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, March 16, 2022, https://cepr.net/the-26-an-hour-minimum-wage .
25．median cost of a home in 1950 was $87,524 : Emmie Martin, “Here's How Much Housing Prices Have Skyrocketed Over the Last 50 Years,” CNBC, June 23, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/23/how-much-housing-prices-have-risen-since-1940.html .
26．more than $15 per hour : David Cooper, Zane Mokhiber, and Ben Zipperer, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $15 by 2025 Would Lift the Pay of 32 Million Workers,” Economic Policy Institute, March 9, 2021, https://www.epi.org/publication/raising-the-federal-minimum-wage-to-15-by-2025-would-lift-the-pay-of-32-million-workers/ .
27．32 million workers : Cooper, Mokhiber, and Zipperer, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $15 by 2025 Would Lift the Pay of 32 Million Workers.”
28．3.7 million people : Cooper, Mokhiber, and Zipperer, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $15 by 2024 Would Lift Pay for Nearly 40 Million Workers.”
29．$20 billion : Bonnie Kavoussi, “U.S. Could End Homelessness with Money Used to Buy Christmas Decorations,” HuffPost, December 6, 2017, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/homelessness-christmas-decorations_n_2276536 .
30．$90 billion : Bill Gates and Ray Chambers, “From Aspiration to Action : What Will It Take to End Malaria?” Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Office of the UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Financing the Health Millennium Development Goals for Malaria, 2014, http://endmalaria2040.org/ 
31．every ten seconds : Julia Glum, “The Median Amazon Employee's Salary Is $28,000. Jeff Bezos Makes More Than That in 10 Seconds,” Money, May 2, 2018, https://money.com/amazon-employee-median-salary-jeff-bezos/ .
32．Chart 37 : Cooper, Mokhiber, and Zipperer, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $15 by 2024 Would Lift Pay for Nearly 40 million Workers.”
33．Chart 38 : “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers : Food and Beverages in U.S. City Average,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIFABSL#0.Financialization .
34．America's total financial assets : “Domestic Financial Sectors; Total Financial Assets, Level/(Gross Domestic Product*1000),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=smH .
35．a high of 5.9:1 at the onset : “Domestic Financial Sectors; Total Financial Assets, Level/(Gross Domestic Product*1000),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=smH .
36．Chart 39 : “Domestic Financial Sectors; Total Financial Assets, Level/(Gross Domestic Product*1000),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=smH .
37．home ownership rate in the U.S. : “Homeownership Rate in the United States,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 25, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RHORUSQ156N .
38．Chart 40 : “Housing Data,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 25, 2022, https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16m7gXbUmm9zZHolCeqq_oT01-UwUlgG8Hrs-EWYs0Qw/edit#gid=0 .
39．Between 1980 and 2019 : Kathryn Peltier Campbell, Anthony P. Carnevale, and Artem Gulish, “If Not Now, When? The Urgent Need for an All-One- System Approach to Youth Policy,” Georgetown University McCourt School of Public Policy : Center on Education and Workforce, 2021, https://1gyhoq479ufd3yna29x7ubjn-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/cew-all_one_system-fr.pdf .（→　https://cew.georgetown.edu/cew-reports/allonesystem/）
40．2 out of 3 jobs require : Campbell, Carnevale, and Gulish, “If Not Now, When?”
41．greater than their credit card debt : Susan Tompor, “Student Loan Debt Exceeds Credit Card Debt in USA,” USA Today, September 10, 2010, http://www.itppv.com/documents/pdf/conversations-about-college-savings/student-loan-debt-exceeds-credit-card-debt-in-usa.pdf .
42．Chart 41 : Campbell, Carnevale, and Gulish, “If Not Now, When?”
43．Chart 42 : Emmaa Dorn, Bryan Hancock, Jimmy Sarakatsannis, and Ellen Viruleg, “As US Students Return to Classrooms, Some Are Catching Up on Unfinished Learning, but Others Are Falling Further Behind, Widening Prepandemic Gaps,” McKinsey & Company, December 14, 2021, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/education/our-insights/covid-19-and-education-an-emerging-k-shaped-recovery .
44．more than any other country : “Current Medical Literature,” Journal of the American Medical Association 108 (1937) : 329-344, doi:10.1001/jama.1937.02780040079042.
45．Sixty-four percent of patients : Will Chase and Michelle McGhee, “How America's Top Hospitals Hound Patients With Predatory Billing,” Axios, accessed February 26, 2022, https://www.axios.com/hospital-billing .
46．charged patients seven times the cost of service : Will Chase and Michelle McGhee, “How America's Top Hospitals Hound Patients with Predatory Billing,” Axios, accessed February 26, 2022, https://www.axios.com/hospital-billing .
47．more than $800 billion : Terry Campbell, David U. Himmelsteinand, and Steffie Woolhandler, “Health Care Administrative Costs in the United States and Canada, 2017,” Annals of Internal Medicine (January 21, 2020), https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-2818 .
48．GDP of Saudi Arabia : “GDP by Country,” Worldometers, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.worldometers.info/gdp/gdp-by-country/ .
49．regulatory and administrative tasks : Natasha Parekh, Teresa L. Rogstad and William H. Shrank, “Waste in the US Health Care System : Estimated Costs and Potential for Savings,” Journal of the American Medical Association 322 (2019) : 501-9, doi:10.1001/jama.2019.13978.
50．more than the U.S. spends treating cancer : “Financial Burden of Cancer Care,” National Cancer Institute, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.progressreport.cancer.gov/after/economic_burden .
51．Chart 43 : Max Roser, “Link Between Health Spending and Life Expectancy : The US is an Outlier,” Global Change Data Lab, May 26, 2017, https://ourworldindata.org/the-link-between-life-expectancy-and-health-spending-us-focus （→　https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy-vs-health-expenditure?time=latest）.
52．a 92% chance of doing better : Raj Chetty et al., “The Fading American Dream : Trends in Absolute Income Mobility Since 1940,” Science 356, no. 6336 (April 24, 2017) : 398-406, https://inequality.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/fading-american-dream.pdf .
53．They have less than half of the economic security : “Guide to the Markets,” J.P. Morgan Asset Management, December 31, 2021, https://am.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpm-am-aem/global/en/insights/market-insights/guide-to-the-markets/mi-guide-to-the-markets-us.pdf .
54．Chart 44 : Chetty et al., “The Fading American Dream.”


　第５章　アテンションエコノミー

１．On January 9, 2007 : “Steve Jobs Debuts the iPhone,” History, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/steve-jobs-debuts-the-iphone .
２．He called it a “revolutionary product” : John Schroter, “Steve Jobs Introduces iPhone in 2007,” October 8, 2011, YouTube, video, 0:00 to 10:19, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnrJzXM7a6o .
３．$900 million buyout : Saul Hansell, “Yahoo Woos a Social Networking Site,” New York Times, September 22, 2006, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/technology/22facebook.html .
４．called Odeo : MG Siegler, “Twitter And Foursquare Explain Their SXSW Explosions : Hustle, Buzz, And Maybe $11K,” TechCrunch, January 4, 2011, https://techcrunch.com/2011/01/04/twitter-foursquare-sxsw/ .
５．we spent 3% : Lisa E. Phillips, “Trends in Consumers' Time Spent with Media,” Insider Intelligence, December 28, 2010, https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Trends-Consumers-Time-Spent-with-Media/1008138 .（→　http://marketresearchworld.net/content/view/3707/77/）
６．that number was 33% : Yoram Wurmser, “US Time Spent with Mobile 2021 : Pandemic Gains Stick Even as Growth Cools,” Insider Intelligence, Jun 2, 2021, https://www.emarketer.com/content/us-time-spent-with-mobile-2021 .（→　https://www.insiderintelligence.com/content/us-time-spent-with-mobile-2021）
７．Over 80% of Alphabet's revenue : Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Google's Profit and Revenue Soared in the Third Quarter,” New York Times, October 26, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/26/technology/google-profit-third-quarter.html .
８．At Meta, it's 98% : Rishi Iyengar, “Here's How Big Facebook's Ad Business Really Is,” CNN, July 1, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/30/tech/facebook-ad-business-boycott/index.html .
９．bring in more than a third : Iyengar, “Here's How Big Facebook's Ad Business Really Is.”
10．receive 70% more views : “Mozilla Investigation : YouTube Algorithm Recommends Videos that Violate the Platform's Very Own Policies,” Mozilla, July 7, 2021, https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/blog/mozilla-investigation-youtube-algorithm-recommends-videos-that-violate-the-platforms-very-own-policies/ .
11．six times the speed : Peter Dizikes, “Study : On Twitter, False News Travels Faster Than True Stories,” Massachusets Institute of Technology, March 8, 2018, https://news.mit.edu/2018/study-twitter-false-news-travels-faster-true-stories-0308 .
12．more than 15% : Mark Travers, “Facebook Spreads Fake News Faster Than Any Other Social Website, According To New Research,” Forbes, March 21, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/traversmark/2020/03/21/facebook-spreads-fake-news-faster-than-any-other-social-website-according-to-new-research/?sh=21332c476e1a .
13．My NYU colleague Jonathan Haidt : Dora Mekouar, “Can Reforming Social Media Save American Democracy?” VOA, June 7, 2022, https://www.voanews.com/a/can-reforming-social-media-save-american-democracy-/6602408.html .
14．eighty times per day : “Average Unlocks Per Day Among Smartphone Users in the United States as of August 2018, by Generation,” Statista, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1050339/average-unlocks-per-day-ussmartphone-users/ .
15．about half of American adults : Aaron Smith, “Nearly Half of American Adults are Smartphone Owners,” Pew Research Center, March 1, 2012, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2012/03/01/nearly-half-of-american-adults-are-smartphone-owners/ .
16．feel some degree of anxiety : “Smartphones,” YouGov, accessed February 25, 2022, https://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/6u8vt576yo/Smartphones%20results,%20March%201-4,%202019.pdf .
17．96% of Gen Z Americans : “Who Are America's Toilet Texters? Smartphone Bathroom Habits (Texting on the Toilet Study),” Bank My Cell, accessed February 20, 2022, https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/cell-phone-usage-in-toilet-survey#jump2 .
18．4 hours and 23 minutes : Wurmser, “US Time Spent with Mobile 2021.”
19．laugh seventeen times : Rod A. Martin, “Do Children Laugh Much More Often than Adults Do?” Association for Applied and Theraputic Humor, 2022, https://aath.memberclicks.net/do-children-laugh-much-more-often-than-adults-do .
20．about once a week : Ryne A. Sherman, Jean M. Twenge, and Brooke E. Wells, “Declines in Sexual Frequency among American Adults, 1989-2014,” National Library of Medicine 46 (November 2017) : 2389-401, doi : 10.1007/s10508-017-0953-1.
21．Chart 45 : “Average Unlocks Per Day Among Smartphone Users in the United States as of August 2018, by Generation.”
22．37 trillion gigabytes : Gregory Manley, “How Much Data Is on the Internet?,” Section, March 27, 2020, https://www.section.io/engineering-education/how-much-data-online/ .
23．within 0.2 seconds : Amit Agarwal, “Single Google Query Uses 1000 Machines in 0.2 Seconds,” Digital inspiration, February 19, 2009, https://www.labnol.org/internet/search/google-query-uses-1000-machines/7433/ .
24．fifth of all advertising revenue : “Digital News Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, July 27, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/digital-news/ .
25．63% of all ad revenue : “Digital News Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, July 27, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/digital-news/ .
26．$250 billion industry : Sara Fischer, “Ad Industry Expected to Make a Major COVID Comeback,” Axios, April 13, 2021, https://www.axios.com/advertisingindustry-covid-pandemic-80c4c676-4ab5-4690-a5a7-0d897df76d49.html .
27．Chart 46 : “Digital News Fact Sheet.”
28．In 2008, U.S. newspapers : “Digital News Fact Sheet.”
29．had fallen 26% : Mason Walker, “U.S. Newsroom Employment has Fallen 26% Since 2008,” Pew Research Center, July 13, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/13/u-s-newsroom-employment-has-fallen-26-since-2008/ .
30．Chart 47 : “Newspapers Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, June 29, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/newspapers ; “Digital News Fact Sheet.”
31．55% of website visits : Tony Haile, “What You Think You Know About the Web Is Wrong,” Time, March 9, 2014, https://time.com/12933/what-you-think-you-know-about-the-web-is-wrong/ .
32．Chart 48 : Jonah Berger and Katherine L. Milkman, “What Makes Online Content Viral?” Journal of Marketing Research 49, no. 2 (April 2012) : 192-205, https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.10.0353 .
33．from 30 million to 300 million : “Twitter, Inc. : Form 10-K,” Edgar Online, 2014, https://d1lge852tjjqow.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001418091/2d7fa775-d6f6-4207-a469-59089b099b6b.pdf ; “Twitter, Inc. : Form 10-K,” United States Securities and Exchange Commission, accessed February 25, 2022, https://d1lge852tjjqow.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001418091/e38633af-2118-4b55-9ea3-97d207937321.pdf .
34．six times shorter : Peter Dizikes, “Study : On Twitter, False News Travels Faster Than True Stories,” Massachusets Institute of Technology, March 8, 2018, https://news.mit.edu/2018/study-twitter-false-news-travels-faster-true-stories-0308 .
35．7 in 10 U.S. adult Twitter users : Amy Mitchell, Elisa Shearer, and Galen Stocking, “News on Twitter : Consumed by Most Users and Trusted by Many,” Pew Research Center, November 15, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2021/11/15/news-on-twitter-consumed-by-most-users-and-trusted-by-many/ .
36．80% of all tweets : Ren LaForme, “10 Percent of Twitter Users Create 80 Percent of Tweets, Study Finds,” Poynter, April 24, 2019, https://www.poynter.org/techtools/2019/10-percent-of-twitter-users-create-80-percent-of-all-tweets-study-finds/ .
37．Chart 49 : Dizikes, “Study : On Twitter, False News Travels Faster Than True Stories.”
38．More than 7 in 10 : Monica Anderson, Andrew Perrin, and Emily A. Vogels, “Most Americans Think Social Media Sites Censor Political Viewpoints,” Pew Research Center, August 19, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2020/08/19/most-americans-think-social-media-sites-censor-political-viewpoints/ .
39．Nine in every 10 Republicans : Anderson, Perrin, and Vogels, “Most Americans Think Social Media Sites Censor Political Viewpoints.”
40．Sixty-four percent of people : Jeff Horwitz and Deepa Seetharaman, “Facebook Executives Shut Down Efforts to Make the Site Less Divisive,” Wall Street Journal, May 26, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-knows-it-encourages-division-top-executives-nixed-solutions-11590507499?mod=hp_lead_pos5 .
41．half of Americans had heard : “5 Facts About the QAnon Conspiracy Theories,” Pew Research Center, November 16, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/16/5-facts-about-the-qanon-conspiracy-theories/ .
42．Chart 50 : “Newspapers Fact Sheet.”
43．a sharp decline : Jeffrey Gottfried and Jacob Liedke, “Partisan Divides in Media Trust Widen, Driven by a Decline Among Republicans,” Pew Research Center, August 30, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/08/30/partisan-divides-in-media-trust-widen-driven-by-a-decline-among-republicans/ .
44．the share of Democrats : Gottfried and Liedke, “Partisan Divides in Media Trust Widen, Driven by a Decline Among Republicans.”
45．6 in 10 Americans : Gottfried and Liedke, “Partisan Divides in Media Trust Widen, Driven by a Decline Among Republicans.”
46．at an all-time low : Megan Brenan, “Americans' Confidence in Major U.S. Institutions Dips,” Gallup, July 14, 2021, https://news.gallup.com/poll/352316/americans-confidence-major-institutions-dips.aspx .
47．Chart 51 : Gottfried and Liedke, “Partisan Divides in Media Trust Widen, Driven by a Decline Among Republicans.”
48．a trend that continued : “Federal Bureau of Investigation Crime Data Explorer,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, accessed February 25, 2022, https://crime-data-explorer.fr.cloud.gov/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend .（→　https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend　/　https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr）
49．In 20 of 24 Gallup surveys : John Gramlich, “What the Data Says (And Doesn't Say) About Crime in the United States,” Pew Research Center, November 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/20/facts-about-crime-in-the-u-s/ .
50．The Brennan Center found : Lauren-Brooke Eisen and Oliver Roeder, “America's Faulty Perception of Crime Rates : America's Crime Rates Are at Their Lowest Point in Decades. So Why Do So Many Americans Think Crime Is Going Up?,” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU Law, March 16, 2015, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/americas-faulty-perception-crime-rates .
51．more headline references to homicide : Ames Grawert and Cameron Kimble, “Takeaways from 2019 Crime Data in Major American Cities,” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU Law, December 18, 2019, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/takeaways-2019-crime-data-major-american-cities .
52．Chart 52 : “Public Perception of Crime Rate at Odds With Reality,” Pew Research Center, January 31, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/16/voters-perceptions-of-crime-continue-to-conflict-with-reality/ft_16-11-16_crime_trend-2/ .
53．Chart 53 : Sonia Hausen, Michael J. Rosenfeld, and Reuben J. Thomas, “Disintermediating Your Friends : How Online Dating in the United States Displaces Other Ways of Meeting,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, September 3, 2019, https://www.pnas.org/content/116/36/17753/tab-figures-data .


　第６章　砂上の楼閣

１．higher educational expectations : Marianne Bertrand and Jessica Pan, “The Trouble with Boys : Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior,” National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2011, https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w17541/w17541.pdf .
２．Boys are twice as likely : Laura Camera, “Boys Bear the Brunt of School Discipline,” U.S. News and World Report, June 22, 2016, https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-06-22/boys-bear-the-brunt-of-school-discipline .
３．higher education institutions is two-thirds : Douglas Belkin, “A Generation of American Men Give Up on College : ‘I Just Feel Lost,' ” Wall Street Journal, September 6, 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/college-university-fall-higher-education-men-women-enrollment-admissions-back-to-school-11630948233 .
４．men without a college education : “Education and Lifetime Earnings,” Social Security Administration, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/research-summaries/education-earnings.html#:~:text=There%20are%20substantial%20differences%20in%20lifetime%20earnings%20by,graduates.%20Women%20with%20bachelor%27s%20degrees%20earn%20%24630%2C000%20more .
５．Young people in America : D'Vera Cohn, Richard Fry, and Jeffrey S. Passel, “A Majority of Young Adults in the U.S. Live With Their Parents for the First Time Since the Great Depression,” Pew Research Center, September 4, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/04/a-majority-of-young-adults-in-the-u-s-live-with-their-parents-for-the-first-time-since-the-great-depression/ .
６．the sharpest decline in marriage rates : Michael Greenstone and Adam Looney, “The Marriage Gap : The Impact of Economic and Technological Change on Marriage Rates,” The Hamilton Project, February 12, 2012, https://www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/the_marriage_gap_the_impact_of_economic_and_technological_change_on_ma .
７．declining marriage rates : “Education and Lifetime Earnings.”
８．poll by the University of Virginia : Rich Lowry, “Opinion : A Surprising Share of Americans Wants to Break Up the Country. Here's Why They're Wrong,” Politico, October 6, 2021, https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/10/06/americans-national-divorse-theyre-wrong-515443 .
９．hit an all-time low : “Provisional Number of Marriages and Marriage Rate : United States, 2000-2020,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/national-marriage-divorce-rates-00-20.pdf .
10．men in the bottom third of incomes : Michael Greenstone and Adam Looney, “The Marriage Gap : The Impact of Economic and Technological Change on Marriage Rates,” The Hamilton Project, February 12, 2012, https://www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/the_marriage_gap_the_impact_of_economic_and_technological_change_on_ma .
11．Women at lower income rates : Greenstone and Looney, “The Marriage Gap.”
12．consistently proves to produce better outcomes for children : Ann Meier and Kelly Musick, “Are Both Parents Always Better Than One? Parental Conflict and Young Adult Well-Being,” Social Science Research 39, no. 5 (September 1, 2010) : 814-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.03.002 .
13．Chart 54 : “Provisional Number of Marriages and Marriage Rate : United States, 2000-2019,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/national-marriage-divorce-rates-00-19.pdf .
14．Chart 55 : Kim Parker and Renee Stepler, “Americans See Men as the Financial Providers, Even as Women's Contributions Grow,” Pew Research Center, September 20, 2017, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/20/americans-see-men-as-the-financial-providers-even-as-womens-contributions-grow/ .
15．down from nearly 60% in 1970 : “CPS Historical Time Series Tables on School Enrollment,” United States Census Bureau, February 2, 2021, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/school-enrollment/cps-historical-time-series.html .
16．more than 1.1 million women : Richard V. Reeves and Ember Smith, “The Male College Crisis Is Not Just in Enrollment, but Completion,” The Brookings Institiution, October 8, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/10/08/the-male-college-crisis-is-not-just-in-enrollment-but-completion/ .
17．Chart 56 : “Overview : Fall 2021 Enrollment Estimates,” National Student Clearinghouse Research Center, accessed February 25, 2022, https://nscresearchcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/CTEE_Report_Fall_2021.pdf .
18．The most attractive people score the largest share of matches : Jason Kincaid, “OkCupid Checks Out the Dynamics of Attraction and Your Love Inbox,” TechCrunch, November 18, 2009, https://techcrunch.com/2009/11/18/okcupid-inbox-attractive ; Worst-Online-Dater, “Tinder Experiments II : Guys, Unless You Are Really Hot You Are Probably Better Off Not Wasting Your Time on Tinder-A Quantitative Socio-Economic Study,” Medium, March 24, 2015, https://medium.com/@worstonlinedater/tinder-experiments-ii-guys-unless-you-are-really-hotyou-are-probably-better-off-not-wasting-your-2ddf370a6e9a .
19．Chart 57 : Dan Kopf, “These Statistics Show Why It's So Hard to Be an Average Man on Dating Apps,” Quartz, August 15, 2017, https://qz.com/1051462/thesestatistics-show-why-its-so-hard-to-be-an-average-man-on-dating-apps/ .
20．1 in 25 parents had concerns : Wendy Wang, “Marriages Between Democrats and Republicans Are Extremely Rare,” Institute for Family Studies, November 3, 2020, https://ifstudies.org/blog/marriages-between-democrats-and-republicans-are-extremely-rare .
21．Chart 58 : Robert P. Jones and Maxine Najle, “American Democracy in Crisis : The Fate of Pluralism in a Divided Nation,” Public Religion Research Institute, February 19, 2019, https://www.prri.org/research/american-democracy-in-crisis-the-fate-of-pluralism-in-a-divided-nation/ .
22．Chart 59 : Cohn, Fry, and Passel, “A Majority of Young Adults in the U.S. Live With Their Parents for the First Time Since the Great Depression.” 
23．the population grew just 7.4% : “2020 Census Shows U.S. Population Grew at Slowest Pace Since the 1930s,” Washington Post, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/interactive/2021/2020-census-us-population-results/ .
24．Chart 60 : William H. Frey, “The 2010s Saw the Lowest Population Growth in U.S. History, New Census Estimates Show,” The Brookings Institution, December 22, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2020/12/22/the-2010s-saw-the-lowest-population-growth-in-u-s-history-new-census-estimates-show/ .
25．Chart 61 : Amanda Barroso and Anna Brown, “Gender Pay Gap in U.S. Held Steady in 2020,” Pew Research Center, May 25, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/05/25/gender-pay-gap-facts ; Tara Haelle, “Girls Three Times More Likely To Self-Harm Than Boys-And Need Help,” Forbes, October 19, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2017/10/19/girls-three-times-more-likely-to-self-harm-than-boys-and-need-help/?sh=c4175827a0c5 ; “Preventing Intimate Partner Violence,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/fastfact.html ; Amanda Barroso and Juliana Menasce Horowitz, “The Pandemic Has Highlighted Many Challenges for Mothers, but They Aren't Necessarily New,” Pew Research Center, March 17, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/17/the-pandemic-has-highlighted-many-challenges-for-mothers-but-they-arent-necessarily-new ; Richard V. Reeves and Ember Smith, “The Male College Crisis Is Not Just in Enrollment, but Completion,” The Brookings Institiution, October 8, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/10/08/the-male-college-crisis-is-not-just-in-enrollment-but-completion ;John Gramlich, “Recent Surge in U.S. Drug Overdose Deaths Has Hit Black Men the Hardest,” Pew Research Center, January 19, 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/01/19/recent-surge-in-u-s-drug-overdose-deaths-has-hit-black-men-the-hardest ; “Suicide Statistics,” National Foundation for Suicide Prevention, accessed February 25, 2022, https://afsp.org/suicide-statistics ; “Inmate Gender,” Federal Bureau of Prisons, accessed Feburary 25, 2022, https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/statistics_inmate_gender.jsp .
26．Men who fail to attach : “Many Mass Shooters Share a Common Bond : Male Grievance Culture,” WAMU, August 13, 2019, https://wamu.org/story/19/08/13/many-mass-shooters-share-a-common-bond-male-grievance-culture/ .
27．Chart 62 : “Mass Attacks in Public Spaces-2019,” U.S. Department of Homeland Security, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.secretservice.gov/sites/default/files/reports/2020-09/MAPS2019.pdf .
28．42% of Americans believed : Aidan Connaughton, Shannon Schumacher, Laura Silver, and Richard Wike, “Many in U.S., Western Europe Say Their Political System Needs Major Reform,” Pew Research Center, March 31, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/03/31/many-in-us-western-europe-say-their-political-system-needs-major-reform/ .
29．Chart 63 : “Public Trust in Government : 1958-2021,” Pew Research Center, May 17, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/05/17/public-trust-in-government-1958-2021/ .
30．For every dollar of wealth a typical white household has : Ana Hernández Kent and Lowell Ricketts, “Wealth Gaps Between White, Black and Hispanic Families in 2019,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, January 5, 2021, https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2021/january/wealth-gaps-white-black-hispanic-families-2019 .
31．Hispanic households have 21 cents for every dollar in white wealth : Hernández Kent and Ricketts, “Wealth Gaps Between White, Black and Hispanic Families in 2019.”
32．Chart 64 : Patricia Cohen, “Beyond Pandemic's Upheaval, a Racial Wealth Gap Endures,” New York Times, April 9, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/09/business/economy/racial-wealth-gap.html .
33．Chart 65 : Richard Kerby, “Where Did You Go to School?” Medium, July 30, 2018, https://medium.com/@kerby/where-did-you-go-to-school-bde54d846188 .


　第７章　脅威

１．virus one-tenth the size of the smallest dust particle : Avi Flamholz, Yinon M Bar-On, Ron Milo and Rob Phillips, “SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) By The Numbers.” eLife (April 2020) : doi:10.7554/eLife.57309; “Hazard Prevention and Control in the Work Environment : Chapter 1-Dust : Definitions and Concepts,” World Health Organization, 1999, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-SDE-OEH-99-14 .
２．Chinese manufacturing is dominant : Christian Lansang and Darrell M. West, “Global Manufacturing Scorecard : How the US Compares to 18 Other Nations,” The Brookings Institution, July 10, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-manufacturing-scorecard-how-the-us-compares-to-18-other-nations/ .
３．growth of its trade network is outpacing : Alyssa Leng and Roland Rajah, “The US-China Trade War Who Dominates Global Trade?” Lowy Institute, accessed February 25, 2022, https://interactives.lowyinstitute.org/charts/china-us-trade-dominance/us-china-competition/ .
４．Chinese skill and expertise : James T. Areddy, “China Is Working Its Way Up From Sweatshops to Skilled Jobs,” Wall Street Journal, Dec. 6, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-is-working-its-way-up-from-sweatshops-to-skilled-jobs-11575464404 .
５．30% of the world's total : Matt Hourihan, “A Snapshot of U.S. R&D Competitiveness : 2020 Update,” American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2020, https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/2020-10/AAAS%20International%20Snapshot.pdf .
６．American startups accounting for 50% : “The Complete List of Unicorn Companies,” CBInsights, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.cbinsights.com/research-unicorn-companies .
７．The U.S. has more billionaires than any nation : Giacomo Tognini, “The Countries with the Most Billionaires 2021,” Forbes, April 6, 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2021/04/06/the-countries-with-the-most-billionaires-2021/?sh=35e1e458379b .
８．bigger defense budget : “Military Expenditure (Current USD),” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.CD .
９．quarter of the world's GDP : “GDP (Current US$),” World Bank Group, accessed
February 25, 2022, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD .
10．Chart 66 : “GDP (Current US$)”; Tognini, “The Countries with the Most Billionaires 2021”; Hourihan, “A Snapshot of U.S. R&D Competitiveness : 2020 Update”; Bryan Murphy, “Which Countries Have Won the Most Olympic Medals?” NBC Sports, February 3, 2022, https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/beijing-2022-winter-olympics/which-countries-have-won-most-olympic-medals ; “Military Expenditure (Current USD)”; “The Complete List of Unicorn Companies”; “Global Top 100 Companies By Market Capitalisation,” PWC, accessed Februrary 25, 2022, https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/audit-services/publications/assets/pwc-global-top-100-companies-2021.pdf ; Lyn Alden, “January 2022 Newsletter : The Capital Sponge,” Lyn Alden Investment Strategy, January 16, 2022, https://www.lynalden.com/january-2022-newsletter ; Xingyang, “The 50 Highest-Grossing Movies of All Time,” IMDB, February 3, 2011, https://www.imdb.com/list/ls000021718 ; Mike Ozanian, “World's Most Valuable Sports Teams 2021,” Forbes, May 7, 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2021/05/07/worlds-most-valuable-sports-teams-2021/?sh=562694663e9e .
11．Under the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944 : Sandra Kollen Ghizoni, “Creation of the Bretton Woods System,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, November 22, 2013, https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/bretton-woods-created .
12．into gold at a fixed rate : Kollen Ghizoni, “Creation of the Bretton Woods System.”
13．ended the convertibility of U.S. dollars into gold : Sandra Kollen Ghizon, “Nixon Ends Convertibility of U.S. Dollars to Gold and Announces Wage/PriceControls,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, November 22, 2013, https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/gold-convertibility-ends .
14．not backed by a commodity : “Fiat Money : Money With No Intrinsic Value But Made Legal Tender by a Government Order,” Corporate Finance Institute, accessed February 25, 2022, https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/fiat-money-currency/ .
15．group of finance ministers : Harold James, “The Dollar Wars Return,” Project Syndicate, September 2003, https://web.archive.org/web/20060529133021/http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/1334/1 .
16．25% of global GDP in 2020 : “GDP (Current US$).”
17．Chart 67 : Serkan Arslanalp and Chima Simpson-Bell, “US Dollar Share of Global Foreign Exchange Reserves Drops to 25-Year Low,” International Monetary Fund, May 5, 2021, https://blogs.imf.org/2021/05/05/us-dollar-share-of-global-foreign-exchange-reserves-drops-to-25-year-low/ ; “Gross Domestic Product 2020,” World Bank, accessed February 25, 2022, https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf .
18．The initiative covers 71 countries : “Belt and Road Initiative,” Belt and Road Initiative, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.beltroad-initiative.com/belt-and-road/ .（2023年６月末時点では閲覧不能。「Belt and Road Initiative」で検索すれば中国が運営するサイトが見える）
19．Chart 68 : “Global Trade : How to Deal with China,” Economist, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/01/09/how-to-deal-with-china .
20．over a third : “World Military Spending Rises to Almost $2 Trillion in 2020,” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 26, 2021, https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2021/world-military-spending-rises-almost-2-trillion-2020 .
21．School Peter Robertson addressed : Peter E. Robertson, “The Real Military Balance : International Comparisons of Defense Spending,” Review of Income and Wealth (2021), https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12536 .
22．America look far less dominant : Robertson, “The Real Military Balance.”
23．two-thirds of the U.S. budget : “Buck for the Bang : Nominal Spending Figures Understate China's Military Might,” Economist, May 1, 2021, https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/05/01/nominal-spending-figures-understate-chinas-military-might .
24．Chart 69 : Robertson, “The Real Military Balance.”
25．tall as the Empire State Building : “Buck for the Bang : Nominal Spending Figures Understate China's Military Might.”
26．Chart 70 : “World Military Spending Rises to Almost $2 Trillion in 2020,” SIPRI, 26 April 2021, https://sipri.org/media/press-release/2021/world-military-spending-rises-almost-2-trillion-2020 ; “Gross Domestic Product 2020”; Dawood Azami, “Afghanistan : How Do the Taliban Make Money?” BBC, August 28, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-46554097 .
27．220 drones to 16 countries : Bruce Einhorn, Lucille Liu, Colum Murphy, and Nick Wadhams, “Combat Drones Made in China Are Coming to a Conflict Near You,” University of Pennsylvania, March 18, 2021, https://global.upenn.edu/perryworldhouse/news/combat-drones-made-china-are-coming-conflict-near-you .
28．sell for as much as $15 million : Bruce Einhorn, “Combat Drones Made in China Are Coming to a Conflict Near You : Growing Sales of the Aircraft Threaten to Spark a Global Arms Race,” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 17, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-17/china-s-combat-drones-push-could-spark-a-global-arms-race?sref=AhQQoPzF .
29．Chart 71 : Einhorn, “Combat Drones Made in China Are Coming to a Conflict Near You.” Does Our Budget Allocation Align with Our Threats?
30．enemy one four-hundredth : Carmen Ang, “This Is How Coronavirus Compares to the World's Smallest Particles,” World Economic Forum, October 15, 2020, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/covid-19-coronavirus-disease-size-compairson-zika-health-air-pollution/ .
31．more Americans than all of our twentieth-century wars combined : Associated Press, “US Tops 500,000 Virus Deaths, Matching the Toll of 3 Wars,” U.S. News and World Report, February 22, 2021, https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2021-02-22/vaccine-efforts-redoubled-as-us-death-toll-draws-near-500k .
32．Chart 72 : “Spotlight : FY 2021 Defense Budget,” U.S. Department of Defense, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/Spotlights/FY2021-Defense-Budget ; “FY 2021 Operating Plan,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/budget/documents/fy2021/FY-2021-CDC-Operating-Plan.pdf .
33．In 1985, he declared : “The ‘Reagan Doctrine' Is Announced,” History, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-reagan-doctrine-is-announced .
34．made democracy promotion central : Evan D. McCormick, Brian K. Muzas, Andrew S. Natsios, Jayita Sarkar, and Gail E.S. Yoshitani, “Policy Roundtable : Does Reagan's Foreign Policy Legacy Live On?,” Texas National Security Review, October 9, 2018, https://tnsr.org/roundtable/policy-roundtable-does-reagans-foreign-policy-legacy-live-on/ .
35．For roughly every 10 citizens in developed nations, 6 believe : “Most Believe the U.S. Is No Longer a Good Model of Democracy,” Pew Research Center, October 29, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/11/01/what-people-around-the-world-like-and-dislike-about-american-society-and-politics/pg_2021-11-01_soft-power_0-04/ .
36．Chart 73 : “Favorability of the U.S. Is Up Sharply Since 2020,” Pew Research Center, June 9, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/10/americas-image-abroad-rebounds-with-transition-from-trump-to-biden/pg_2021-06-10_us-image_00-013/ .
37．69% of global : “Global Research and Development Expenditures : Fact Sheet,” Congressional Research Service, accessed February 25, 2022, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R44283.pdf .
38．Moderna $25 million in 2013 : Emily Mullin, “Moderna Lands $25M Grant to Develop Its RNA Platform Against Infectious Diseases, Bioterror,” FierceBioTech, October 2, 2013, https://www.fiercebiotech.com/r-d/moderna-lands-25m-grant-to-develop-its-rna-platform-against-infectious-diseases-bioterror .
39．half-billion doses later : Peter Loftus, “Moderna Plans to Expand Production to Make Covid-19 Vaccine Boosters, Supply More Countries,” Wall Street Journal, June 21, 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/moderna-plans-to-expand-production-to-make-covid-19-vaccine-boosters-supply-more-countries-11624273200 .
40．30% of global investment : “Global Research and Development Expenditures : Fact Sheet.”
41．Chart 74 : “Global Research and Development Expenditures : Fact Sheet.”
42．Few clean energy minerals are produced or processed : Mike Baker and Jack Healy, “As Miners Chase Clean-Energy Minerals, Tribes Fear a Repeat of the Past,” New York Times, December 27, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/27/us/mining-clean-energy-antimony-tribes.html .
43．Chart 75 : “The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions,” International Energy Agency, accessed February 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions/executive-summary .
44．grown from 30 to 32 in the past : Justin Jimenez, Tom Orlik, and Cedric Sam, “World-Dominating Superstar Firms Get Bigger, Techier, and More Chinese,” Bloomberg, May 21, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2021-biggest-global-companies-growth-trends/?sref=AhQQoPzF .
45．which lost more representatives : Jimenez, Orlik, and Sam, “World-Dominating Superstar Firms Get Bigger, Techier, and More Chinese.”
46．Chart 76 : Jimenez, Orlik, and Sam, “World-Dominating Superstar Firms Get Bigger, Techier, and More Chinese.”


　第８章　不安定であることの明るい側面

１．there were eight : Andrew Pollack, “Bell System Breakup Opens Era of Great Expectations and Great Concern,” New York Times, January 1, 1984, https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/01/us/bell-system-breakup-opens-era-of-great-expectations-and-great-concern.html .
２．Sprint and MCI : Bret Swanson, “Lessons From The AT&T Break Up, 30 Years Later,” American Enterprise Institute, January 3, 2014, https://www.aei.org/technology-and-innovation/lessons-att-break-30-years-later/ .
３．30% in just five years : Kate Ballen and Kenneth Labich, “Was Breaking Up AT&T a Good Idea?,” Fortune, January 2, 1989, https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1989/01/02/71446/ .
４．killed more than 25 million people : “Black Death : Effects and Significance,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death/Effects-and-significance .
５．Chart 77 : Nico Voigtländer and Hans-Joachim Voth, “The Three Horsemen of Riches : Plague, War, and Urbanization in Early Modern Europe,” The Review of Economic Studies 80, no. 2 (April 2013) : 774-811, http://www.eief.it/files/2010/04/hans-joachim-voth.pdf .
６．Chart 78 : Emily C. Bianchi, “The Bright Side of Bad Times : The Affective Advantages of Entering the Workforce in a Recession,” Administrative Science Quarterly 58, no. 4 (December 2013) : 587-623, https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839213509590 .
７．5.4 million new business applications : Andrea Hsu, “New Businesses Soared to Record Highs in 2021. Here's a Taste of One of Them,” NPR, January 12, 2022, https://www.npr.org/2022/01/12/1072057249/new-business-applications-recordhigh-great-resignation-pandemic-entrepreneur .
８．Chart 79 : Kenan Fikri, Daniel Newman, and Jimmy O'Donnell, “The Startup Surge? Unpacking 2020 Trends in Business Formation,” Economic Innovation Group, February 8, 2021, https://eig.org/news/the-startup-surge-business-formation-trends-in-2020 .
９．greater rates than American-born citizens : Dan Kosten, “Immigrants as Economic Contributors : Immigrant Entrepreneurs,” National Immigration Forum, July 11, 2018, https://immigrationforum.org/article/immigrants-as-economic-contributors-immigrant-entrepreneurs/ .
10．rate of new entrepreneurs among immigrants : Kosten, “Immigrants as Economic Contributors.”
11．Chart 80 : “National Report on Early-Stage Entrepreneurship in the United States : 2020,” Kaufmann Indicators of Entrepreneurship, accessed February 25, 2022, https://indicators.kauffman.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/2020_Early-Stage-Entrepreneurship-National-Report.pdf .
12．Chart 81 : “From Struggle to Resilience : The Economic Impact of Refugees in America,” New American Economy, June 2017, http://research.newamericaneconomy.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/11/NAE_Refugees_V6.pdf .
13．a third of the world's adults : “World Population Prospects 2019,” United Nations, accessed February 25, 2022, https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Interpolated/ .
14．a third of the world's adults : “The Global Findex Database 2017 : The Unbanked,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022, https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/chapters/unbanked .（→　https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3270/download/44216）
15．50% of adults are unbanked : “2017 Findex Full Report : Chapter 2 : Unbanked,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022, https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/sites/globalfindex/files/chapters/2017%20Findex%20full%20report_chapter2.pdf .（→　https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3270/download/44216）
16．9% of the country : “Population, Total-Argentina,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=AR .
17．4 million people : Peter Renton, “Podcast 331 : Pierpaolo Barbieri of Ualá,” LendIt Fintech, December 17, 2021, https://www.lendacademy.com/podcast-331-pierpaolo-barbieri-of-uala/ .
18．more than 25% of eighteen- to twenty-five-year-olds : Renton, “Podcast 331 : Pierpaolo Barbieri of Ualá.”
19．Chart 82 : “The Global Findex Database : About,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022, https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/ .


　第９章　望むべき未来

１．Microsoft was a colossus : Amrith Ramkumar, “Microsoft's Market Value Hits a Dot-Com Era Milestone : $600 Billion,” Wall Street Journal, October 19, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsofts-market-value-hits-a-dot-com-era-milestone-600-billion-1508445303 .
２．Star Trek : The Next Generation's Borg : “Boardwatch Magazine : Guide to the Internet, World Wide Web and BBS,” Boardwatch Magazine, May 1996, https://archive.org/details/boardwatch-1996-05/mode/2up .
３．antitrust lawsuit from the government : “U.S. v. Microsoft Court's Findings of Fact,” United States Department of Justice, November 5, 1999, https://www.justice.gov/atr/us-v-microsoft-courts-findings-fact .
４．aggressively expanding the money supply : Eric Milstein and David Wessel, “What Did the Fed Do in Response to the COVID-19 Crisis?” The Brookings Institution, December 17, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/research/fed-response-to-covid19/ .
５．accompanied by inflation : Drew Desilver, “Inflation Has Risen Around the World, but the U.S. Has Seen One of the Biggest Increases,” Pew Research Center, November 24, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/11/24/inflation-has-risen-around-the-world-but-the-u-s-has-seen-one-of-the-biggest-increases/ .
６．Chart 83 : “Real M2 Money Stock,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 25, 2022, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2REAL .
７．restaurants stopped printing menus : “German Hyperinflation 1922/23 : A Law and Economics Approach,” Germany : Eul Verlag (2010).
８．hundreds of political assassinations : Erin Blakemore, “After WWI, Hundreds of Politicians Were Murdered in Germany,” History, October 26, 2018, https://www.history.com/news/political-assassinations-germany-weimar-republic .
９．seeking reparations payments : “Reparations,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/reparations .
10．Chart 84 : Tracy Alloway, “Some Useful Things I've Learned about Germany's Hyperinflation,” Financial Times, March 1, 2010, https://www.ft.com/content/25f43ac1-1159-3723-a90f-94fcfc1b5276 .
11．voted against an actual infrastructure bill : Luke Broadwater and Zach Montague, “In Infrastructure Votes, 19 Members Broke With Their Party,” New York Times, November 12, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/06/us/politics/defectors-infrastructure-bill-squad.html .
12．leave out the brand name : Frank Newport, “What's in a Name? Affordable Care Act vs. Obamacare,” Gallup, November 20, 2013, https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/169541/name-affordable-care-act-obamacare.aspx .
13．20% to 30% of GDP : “Public Social Spending as a Share of GDP, 1980 to 2016,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/social-spending-oecd-longrun?time=1980.latest&country=DEU~FRA~JPN~GBR~USA .
14．Chart 85 : “Public Social Spending as a Share of GDP, 1980 to 2016.”
15．twenty-eight of the past forty-one years : “GDP Growth (Annual %)-United States, Euro Area,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2020&locations=USXC&start=1980 .
16．Chart 86 : “GDP Growth (Annual %)-United States, Euro Area.”
17．spending billions to monitor : Josh Chin, “China Spends More on Domestic Security as Xi's Powers Grow,” Wall Street Journal, March 6, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-spends-more-on-domestic-security-as-xis-powers-grow-1520358522 .
18．Chart 87 : “Number of Monthly Active Players of Minecraft Worldwide as of August 2021 (in Millions),” Statista, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/680139/minecraft-active-players-worldwide ; Brian Dean,“Roblox User and Growth Stats 2022,” Backlinko, January 5, 2022, https://backlinko.com/roblox-users .
19．Chart 88 : Willem Roper, “Remote Work Could Double Permanently,” Statista, December 16, 2020, https://www.statista.com/chart/23781/remote-work-teams-departments .
20．Chart 89 : Daniel A. Cox, “Men's Social Circles are Shrinking,” Survey Center on American Life, June 29, 2021, https://americansurveycenter.org/why-mens-social-circles-are-shrinking .


　第10章　われわれは何をなすべきか

１．President Clinton famously said : William J. Clinton, “First Inaugural Address of William J. Clinton,” Lillian Goldman Law Library, January 20, 1993, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/clinton1.asp .
２．6.1 billion hours for all taxpayers to handle their taxes : “Most Serious Problems : The Complexity of the Tax Code,” Taxpayer Advocate Service, 2012, https://www.taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Most-Serious-Problems-Tax-Code-Complexity.pdf .
３．the government calculates taxes : “The Tax Policy Center's Briefing Book,” Tax Policy Center, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/what-other-countries-use-return-free-filing .
４．Chart 90 : Scott A. Hodge, “The Compliance Costs of IRS Regulations,” Tax Foundation, June 15, 2016, https://taxfoundation.org/compliance-costs-irs-regulations/ .
５．spent roughly $18 million and $20 million : Tony Romm, “Amazon, Facebook, Other Tech Giants Spent Roughly $65 Million to Lobby Washington Last Year,” Washington Post, January 22, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/22/amazon-facebook-google-lobbying-2020/ .
６．Amazon has been increasing : Naomi Nix, “Amazon Is Flooding D.C. With Money and Muscle : The Influence Game,” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 7, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-amazon-lobbying/?sref=AhQQoPzF .
７．has more full-time lobbyists : Jeffrey Dastin, Chris Kirkham, and Aditya Kalra, “Amazon Wages Secret War on Americans' Privacy, Documents Show,” Reuters, November 19, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/amazon-privacy-lobbying .
８．have collectively spent $374.7 million : “Analysis of the Fossil Fuel Industry's Legislative Lobbying and Capital Expenditures Related to Climate Change,” Congress of the United States, October 28, 2021, https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/Analysis%20of%20the%20Fossil%20Fuel%20Industrys%20Legislative%20Lobbying%20and%20Capital%20Expenditures%20Related%20to%20Climate%20Change%20-%20Staff%20Memo%20%2810.28.21%29.pdf .（→　https://context-cdn.washingtonpost.com/notes/prod/default/documents/593066df-4c7d-4b9d-87b9-00802bdb0968/note/b6f3e5dc-a78c-448f-9226-e4740afe8289.　/　https://oversightdemocrats.house.gov/news/press-releases/committee-analysis-of-fossil-fuel-industry-s-lobbying-reveals-public-praise-for）
９．Chart 91 : Office of the Inspector General, “EPA's Compliance Monitoring Activities, Enforcement Actions, and Enforcement Results Generally Declined from Fiscal Years 2006 Through 2018,” Environmental Protection Agency, March 31, 2020, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/documents/_epaoig_20200331_20-p-0131_0.pdf .
10．$5 billion fine in 2019 : “FTC Imposes $5 Billion Penalty and Sweeping New Privacy Restrictions on Facebook,” Federal Trade Commission, July 24, 2019, https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2019/07/ftc-imposes-5-billion-penalty-sweeping-new-privacy-restrictions .
11．7% of the company's year-end revenue : “FBMeta Platforms, Inc.,” Seeking Alpha, accessed February 25, 2022, https://seekingalpha.com/symbol/FB/charting?axis=linear&compare=FB,SP500TR&interval=5Y&metric=marketCap .
12．Chart 92 : “Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2019 Results,” Facebook, accessed February 25, 2022, https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2020/Facebook-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2019-Results/default.aspx .
13．16% of Americans had access : Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, Hannah Ritchie, and Max Roser, “Internet,” Global Change Data Lab, 2015, https://ourworldindata.org/internet .
14．Chart 93 : Prof G analysis. 
15．“pre-criminal social dangerousness” : “8,400 Cubans Serve Time for Pre-Criminal Social Dangerousness,” Civil Rights Defenders, January 13, 2020, https://crd.org/2020/01/13/8400-cubans-serve-time-for-pre-criminal-social-dangerousness/ .
16．Chart 94 : “World Prison Brief Data,” World Prison Brief, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data .
17．Chart 95 : “Unemployment Rises in 2020 as the Country Battles the COVID-19 Pandemic,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 2021, https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2021/article/unemployment-rises-in-2020-as-the-country-battles-the-covid-19-pandemic.htm ; “House Passes The Heroes Act,” House Committee on Appropriations, May 15, 2020, https://appropriations.house.gov/news/pressreleases/house-passes-heroes-act（→　https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6800）.
18．A single generator : “Nuclear Provides Carbon-Free Energy 24/7,” Nuclear Energy Institute, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.nei.org/fundamentals/nuclear-provides-carbon-free-energy .（記事削除）
19．the most unpopular energy source : Lisa Martine Jenkins, “Nuclear Energy Among the Least Popular Sources of Power in the U.S., Polling Shows,” Morning Consult, September 9, 2020, https://morningconsult.com/2020/09/09/nuclear-energy-polling/ .
20．Chart 96 : Hannah Ritchie, “What Are the Safest and Cleanest Sources of Energy?” Global Change Data Lab, February 10, 2020,https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy .
21．1 in 7 American children : “The State of America's Children : 2021,” Children's Defense Fund, accessed February 25, 2022, https://www.childrensdefense.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/The-State-of-Americas-Children-2021.pdf .
22．maternal labor force participation climbed : Rasheed Malik, “The Effects of Universal Preschool in Washington, D.C.,” Center for American Progress, September 26, 2018, https://www.americanprogress.org/article/effects-universal-preschool-washington-d-c/ .
23．2011 study by Harvard economist Raj Chetty : Raj Chetty, John N. Friedman, Nathaniel Hilger, Emmanuel Saez, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Danny Yagan, “How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence From Project Star,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 126, no. 4 (March 2011) : 1593-1660.
24．federal child tax credit : “Child Tax Credit Overview,” National Conference of State Legislatures, February 1, 2022, https://www.ncsl.org/human-services/child-tax-credit-overview .
25．do more than any current program : Kevin Corinth, Bruce Meyer, Matthew Stadnicki, and Derek Wu, “The Anti-Poverty, Targeting, and Labor Supply Effects of the Proposed Child Tax Credit Expansion,” University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics, Working Paper No. 2021-115 (October 7, 2021), http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3938983 .
26．Chart 97 : Ife Floyd and Danilo Trisi, “Benefits of Expanding Child Tax Credit Outweigh Small Employment Effects,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, March 1, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-tax/benefits-of-expanding-child-tax-credit-outweigh-small-employment-effects .
27．$600 billion in endowments : “Fast Facts : Endowments,” National Center for Educational Statistics, accessed February 25, 2022, https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=73 .
28．Chart 98 : “Harvard Endowment Beats Benchmarks, Value Declines,” Harvard Gazette, September 26, 2001, https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2001/09/harvard-gazette-harvard-endowment-beats-benchmarks-value-declines ; “Harvard University Fact Book,” President and Fellows of Harvard College, accessed February 25, 2022, https://oir.harvard.edu/files/huoir/files/harvard_fact_book_2003-2004.pdf ; “Student Enrollment Data,” Harvard University, Office of Institutional Research, accessed February 25, 2022, https://oira.harvard.edu/fact-book-enrollment/ ; Cindy H. Zhang, “Harvard Endowment Returns 6.5 Percent for Fiscal Year 2019,” The Harvard Crimson, Sept. 27, 2019, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/9/27/harvard-endowment-returns-2019/ .
29．94% of apprentices : “Discover Apprenticeship,” U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, September 2020, https://www.apprenticeship.gov/sites/default/files/Apprenticeship_Fact_Sheet.pdf .
30．Chart 99 : Maia Chankseliani and Aizuddin Mohamed Anuar, “Cross-Country Comparison of Engagement in Apprenticeships : A Conceptual Analysis of Incentives for Individuals and Firms,” International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training 6, no. 3 (December 2019) : 261-83, doi:10.13152/IJRVET.6.3.4; Colin John Becht, “Apprenticing America : The Effects of Tax Credits for Registered Apprenticeship Programs,” Georgetown University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, April 19, 2019, https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/1055057/Becht_georgetown_0076M_14207.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y .
31．served their country in uniform : Katherine Schaeffer, “The Changing Face of Congress in 7 Charts,” Pew Research Center, March 10, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/10/the-changing-face-of-congress/ .
32．a quarter of a million : Justin Tabor, “What Does Success Look Like as a Peace Corps Volunteer?” Peace Corps, November 23, 2020, https://www.peacecorps.gov/stories/what-does-success-look-peace-corps-volunteer/ .
33．Chart 100 : Clive R. Belfield, “The Economic Value of National Service,” University of Pennsylvania, Center for Benefit-Cost Studies of Education, 2013, https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=cbcse .


　結論

１．after WWII had ended : Robert D. McFadden, “Hiroo Onoda, Soldier Who Hid in Jungle for Decades, Dies at 91,” New York Times, January 17, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/world/asia/hiroo-onoda-imperial-japanese-army-officer-dies-at-91.html .
２．are having much less sex : Christopher Ingraham, “The Share of Americans Not Having Sex Has Reached a Record High,” Washington Post, March 29, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/03/29/share-americans-not-having-sex-has-reached-record-high/ .
３．members of the opposing political party : Philip Bump, “Most Republicans See Democrats Not as Political Opponents but as Enemies,” Washington Post, February 10, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/10/most-republicans-see-democrats-not-political-opponents-enemies/ .
４．parents at the same age : Tami Luhby, “Many Millennials Are Worse off Than Their Parents-a First in American History,” CNN, January 11, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/11/politics/millennials-income-stalled-upward-mobility-us/index.html .